Linguistics

Irab — الإعراب

Definition: The statement of the syntactic function of words, their case markers, and their relations within the construction.

Purpose: Used to attach syntactic analysis and grammatical functions to the words of an ayah.

Related: part_of_speech, morphology, word

Lemma

Definition: The base dictionary form that an inflected word form is referred back to.

Purpose: Used to gather the different inflected forms under one dictionary entry.

Related: root, stem, morphology

Morpheme — الوحدة الصرفية

Definition: The smallest unit within a word carrying a meaning or a morphological function, such as a prefix, a suffix or a stem.

Purpose: Used to represent the division of a Quranic word into its morphological parts, which is the level that morphological features and tags are attached to in analysis corpora.

• A morpheme is a part of a word; a token is a unit of segmentation that may equal a word or span more than one.

In Quranic morphology corpora segment means the morpheme; in audio APIs it means a word timing. The bare name resolves to nothing, word_segment resolves here, and the audio sense is word_timing.

Related: word, token, stem, morphology, part_of_speech

Morphology — الصرف

Definition: The analysis of a word's structure and form and the morphological properties it carries.

Purpose: Used to represent the morphological features of words or tokens.

Related: morpheme, root, lemma, stem, part_of_speech, irab, verb

Noun — الاسم

Definition: A noun in the Arabic sense: a word whose meaning is not tied to a time. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, demonstratives and relatives are all nouns.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the detailed tags that Quranic morphology corpora use fall under it.

Related: part_of_speech

Part of Speech — قسم الكلمة

Definition: The classification of a word or a morpheme by its grammatical class: noun, verb, particle and what branches from them.

Purpose: Used as the basic tag in morphological and syntactic analysis; searching by tag, filtering, and building the syntactic analysis all rest on it.

The threefold division is the level this standard fixes. The detailed tags used by Quranic morphology corpora — dozens of them — are data falling under these three values, and are not given entries of their own in the dictionary.

Related: morphology, irab, morpheme, noun, particle, verb

Particle — حرف المعنى

Definition: A particle: a word with no meaning of its own that gives meaning to the words around it, such as prepositions and the particles of conjunction, negation and interrogation.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the detailed particle tags of Quranic morphology corpora fall under it.

• A particle is a part of speech; the written letter, letter, is a unit of the written text.

Related: part_of_speech, letter

Root — الجذر

Definition: The morphological origin a word is referred back to, showing its derivation and its relation to other words.

Purpose: Used for morphological search, linguistic analysis, and gathering words that share an origin.

Related: lemma, stem, morphology

Stem — الجذع

Definition: What remains of a word once its prefixes and suffixes are removed, and what the morphological additions attach to.

Purpose: Used in morphological analysis as a level between the word form and its root: some corpora record the stem and not the root, and some record both.

• A root is an abstract derivational origin; a stem is a form that stands in the word once the additions are removed.

Related: root, lemma, morpheme, morphology

Verb — الفعل

Definition: A verb: a word whose meaning is tied to a time, with past, present and imperative forms.

Purpose: Used as a value of part of speech, and the morphological features specific to verbs — tense, voice and pattern — hang off it.

Related: part_of_speech, morphology