Tajwid

Ghunnah — الغنة

Definition: A sound from the nasal cavity built into the body of noon and meem, in which the tongue plays no part; its length differs by ruling, fullest in the doubled and the merged letter, then in the concealed, then in the vowelless letter sounded clearly.

Purpose: Used as an attribute tagging the places in the text where the ghunnah is held, such as the two doubled letters, idgham with ghunnah, ikhfa and iqlab, so that it is followed in colouring and instruction, and because its length is among what differs by tariq.

• Ghunnah is an attribute of sound and not a ruling in itself: it accompanies idgham, ikhfa and iqlab and does not stand opposite them.

Related: idgham, ikhfa, iqlab, noon_sakinah, meem_sakinah, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 85
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — noon-mushaddadah

Idgham — الإدغام

Definition: Merging a vowelless letter into a vowelled letter after it so that the two become one doubled letter, whether the merging is complete or partial, with ghunnah or without it.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

• Idgham is a ruling; mutamathilan, mutajanisan and mutaqariban are the relation between the two letters because of which it falls.

Related: izhar, ikhfa, iqlab, ghunnah, letter_relation, mutamathilan, mutajanisan, meem_sakinah, noon_sakinah, shaddah, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 57
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 60
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 61
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 63
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — idgham-bi-ghunnah-noon

Ikhfa — الإخفاء

Definition: Pronouncing a vowelless letter in a manner between izhar and idgham, without doubling and with the ghunnah kept: haqiqi in noon sakinah and tanwin before its 15 letters, and shafawi in meem sakinah before a baa.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

Related: izhar, idgham, ghunnah, noon_sakinah, meem_sakinah, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 67
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 68
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — ikhfa-haqiqi-noon

Iqlab — الإقلاب

Definition: Turning noon sakinah or tanwin into a meem, concealed with ghunnah, before a baa.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

• Iqlab is a ruling of pronunciation; the small meem is the mark the mushaf draws it with.

Related: noon_sakinah, tanwin, ghunnah, small_meem, idgham, izhar, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 86
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — iqlab-noon

Izhar — الإظهار

Definition: Sounding a vowelless letter from its point of articulation with no added ghunnah, as noon sakinah and tanwin are sounded before the throat letters, and meem sakinah before any letter other than baa and meem.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

• Izhar is a ruling standing opposite idgham and ikhfa, not the absence of a ruling: a place tagged with it is one where a cause was present and neither idgham nor ikhfa fell.

Related: idgham, ikhfa, iqlab, noon_sakinah, meem_sakinah, letter_relation, mutajanisan, mutamathilan, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 64
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 65
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 66
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — izhar-halqi-noon

Letter Relation — علاقة الحرفين

Definition: The relation of two adjacent letters to each other in point of articulation and attribute: identical, of one kind, close, or distant; the merging of the first into the second, or its clear sounding, is built on it.

Purpose: Used as a classification tagging the place where two letters are merged or sounded apart, so that the cause of the ruling is known and not only the ruling.

• The relation is a cause; idgham and izhar are the ruling that follows from it.

Related: idgham, izhar, mutamathilan, mutajanisan

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 58
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 59
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 62

Madd — المد

Definition: Prolonging the sound on one of the three letters of madd: a vowelless alif after a fathah, a vowelless waw after a dammah, a vowelless yaa after a kasrah; whether the madd is original, without which the letter does not stand, or secondary, caused by a hamzah or a sukun.

Purpose: Used as a classification that the kinds of madd branch from, so that a place in the text is tagged with its kind and its length; and because the lengths of the madds are among what differs by tariq, they are part of describing a recording or a mushaf.

• The letters of madd are not the letters of lin, though waw and yaa belong to both: a letter of madd is vowelless after the vowel of its own kind, a letter of lin is vowelless after a fathah.
• Madd is the ruling; the maddah is the mark that points to it in the mushaf.

Related: maddah, madd_tabii, madd_muttasil, madd_munfasil, madd_lazim, madd_al_badal, madd_al_iwad, madd_al_silah, madd_al_lin, madd_arid_li_al_sukun, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 90
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 92
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 99
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 107
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 108

Madd al-Badal — مد البدل

Definition: A madd caused by a hamzah before the letter of madd, where the letter of madd was substituted for a vowelless hamzah, as in «آمن», «أوتوا» and «إيمان»; its length is 2 counts for Hafs, more for Warsh.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, hamzah

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 98
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-badal

Madd al-Iwad — مد العوض

Definition: Lengthening an alif in place of tanwin al-fath when stopping on the word; its length is 2 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, tanwin_al_fath, waqf, madd_tabii

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 105
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-iwad

Madd al-Lin — مد اللين

Definition: Lengthening a vowelless waw or yaa preceded by a fathah when stopping on the word with an incidental sukun, as in «خوف» and «بيت».

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_arid_li_al_sukun, waqf

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 106
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 93
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — leen-waw

Madd al-Silah — مد الصلة

Definition: A madd arising from joining the pronoun haa to a waw or a yaa when it falls between two vowelled letters; sughra when no hamzah follows, kubra when one does.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, small_waw, small_yaa, madd_tabii

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 97
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 96
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 95
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-silah-sughra

Madd Arid lil-Sukun — المد العارض للسكون

Definition: A madd caused by an incidental sukun in stopping after the letter of madd; shortening, middle length and full length are all permitted in it.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

The derivation gives madd_arid_li_al_sukun, separating the preposition from the article as section 8 requires; the fused form lilsukun resolves through alternative_spellings.

Related: madd, madd_al_lin, waqf, wajh

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 109

Madd Lazim — المد اللازم

Definition: A secondary madd caused by an original sukun, fixed in continuing and in stopping, after the letter of madd, in a word or in a letter of the surah openings, whether heavy with idgham or light; its length is 6 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, sukun

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 103
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 110
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 111
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 112
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-lazim-harfi

Madd Munfasil — المد المنفصل

Definition: A secondary madd caused by a hamzah at the start of the word following the letter of madd; it is permissible, shortened or lengthened by riwayah and tariq.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_muttasil, hamzah

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 102
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-munfasil

Madd Muttasil — المد المتصل

Definition: A secondary madd caused by a hamzah after the letter of madd within one word; it is obligatory for all the readers, and its lengths differ by riwayah and tariq.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_munfasil, hamzah

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 101
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-muttasil

Madd Tabee — المد الطبيعي

Definition: The madd without which the letter of madd itself does not stand, depending on no cause of hamzah or sukun; its length is 2 counts.

Purpose: Used as a value of madd, so that a place in the text is tagged with it and with its length, and what differs by tariq is read from it in describing a recording or a mushaf.

Related: madd, madd_al_iwad, madd_al_silah

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 100
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — madd-tabee-kalimi

Meem Sakinah — الميم الساكنة

Definition: A meem carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, falling in the middle of a word or at its end.

Purpose: Used as the trigger of the three labial rulings, idgham, ikhfa and izhar, in tajwid engines.

• Meem sakinah is not the meem that noon turns into in iqlab, though the two sound the same.

Related: noon_sakinah, izhar, idgham, ikhfa, ghunnah, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 63
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 66
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 68
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — izhar-shafawi-meem

Mutajanisan — المتجانسان

Definition: Two letters of one point of articulation differing in attribute, like the dal and the taa in «قد تبين».

Purpose: Used as a value of the relation of two letters, so that the cause of idgham or izhar at the place is read from it rather than worked out from the two letters every time.

Related: letter_relation, idgham, izhar

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 59
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — mutajanisain-idgham-naqis

Mutamathilan — المتماثلان

Definition: Two letters identical in point of articulation and in attribute, like the two baas in «اضرب بعصاك».

Purpose: Used as a value of the relation of two letters, so that the cause of idgham or izhar at the place is read from it rather than worked out from the two letters every time.

Related: letter_relation, idgham, izhar

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 58
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — mutamathilain-idgham-kamil

Noon Sakinah — النون الساكنة

Definition: A noon carrying no vowel, fixed in pronunciation and in writing, in continuing and in stopping.

Purpose: Used as the trigger of the four rulings, izhar, idgham, iqlab and ikhfa, in tajwid engines.

Related: tajwid, tanwin, izhar, idgham, iqlab, ikhfa, meem_sakinah, ghunnah, small_meem, sukun, tajwid_ruling, tanwin_al_damm, tanwin_al_fath, tanwin_al_kasr

Sources:

• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — noon-tanween
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 64
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 57
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 86
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 67

Qalqalah — القلقلة

Definition: A disturbance in the sound of a vowelless letter as it is pronounced, so that a strong beat is heard, in the letters of «قطب جد»; it grows stronger by the letter's place in the word and by stopping on it.

Purpose: Used as a value of the tajwid ruling, so that a place in the text is tagged with it in analysis, colouring and instruction, and its kinds branch under it in the registry of rulings.

• Qalqalah is one of the attributes of the letters that have no opposite; it counts as a ruling when the place where it appears is tagged with it.

Related: sukun, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 78
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — qalqalah-sughra

Saktah — السكتة

Definition: Cutting off the voice for a short moment without breathing, then continuing the recitation.

Purpose: Used to represent where a saktah falls and what its properties are in the text or in a recitation.

• The saktah is the pause itself; the saktah mark is the sign drawn in the mushaf for it.

Related: saktah_mark, waqf, tajwid

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 126

Tafkhim — التفخيم

Definition: A fullness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth fills with its echo; inherent in the letters of istila, and incidental in the raa, the lam of the name of Allah and the alif, following what precedes them.

Purpose: Used to tag the places of letters carrying incidental tafkhim in colouring and instruction, and the ranks of tafkhim in the registry of rulings are attributed to it.

• Tafkhim is an attribute of the letter's sound; istila is the attribute of articulation from which tafkhim follows.

Related: tarqiq, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 87
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 89
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — tafkheem-rank-1-jazari

Tajweed — التجويد

Definition: The discipline of delivering the letters of the Quran from their points of articulation and giving them their due properties and rulings.

Purpose: Used as the discipline that tajwid rules, rulings and colour annotations belong to, so that a rule in an engine or a dictionary is attributed to it.

• Tajwid is a discipline; mujawwad is a recording style. Neither name stands for the other.

Related: recitation, waqf, mujawwad, noon_sakinah, tajwid_ruling, saktah

Sources:

• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus
• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 4
• مباحث في علوم القرآن — 1/190

Tajwid Ruling — حكم التجويد

Definition: What is due in delivering a letter before the letter that follows it, or at a sukun or a hamzah: izhar, idgham, iqlab, ikhfa, madd, qalqalah, tafkhim or tarqiq, as the rules of tajwid settle it at a given place in the text.

Purpose: Used as the parent of the rulings of tajwid and the holder of their registry, so that the places in the text where a ruling falls are attributed to it, and a particular ruling is named by a row of the registry rather than by a free name that differs from one engine to another.

• The ruling is what falls at the place; tajwid is the discipline that settles it.
• A ruling is not a rule: the rule is the condition, and the ruling is its effect at the place.

Related: tajwid, izhar, idgham, iqlab, ikhfa, qalqalah, madd, ghunnah, tafkhim, tarqiq, noon_sakinah, meem_sakinah

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 4
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus

Tarqiq — الترقيق

Definition: A thinness entering the sound of a letter so that the mouth does not fill with its echo; inherent in the letters of istifal, and incidental in the raa and the lam of the name of Allah.

Purpose: Used to tag the places of letters carrying incidental tarqiq in colouring and instruction, as the counterpart of tafkhim.

Related: tafkhim, tajwid_ruling

Sources:

• معجم مصطلحات التجويد — 88
• Rule-driven tajweed engine — rule corpus — raa-tarqeeq